China is Peru's main trading partner, the largest destination of exports and the main source of imports for Peru. Peru is China's second largest investment destination in South America. The two countries have established a comprehensive strategic partnership and signed a free trade agreement. In the next five to 10 years, Peru will become another destination for Chinese enterprises going global. More Chinese companies will enter Peru and expand into the broader South American market through Peru. AllBright Law is actively exploring the legal service market in South America, providing reliable host country legal service resources and doing legal research on various host countries for Chinese enterprises going to South America, so as to provide legal protection for serving China's high-level opening-up and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. To this end, AllBright Law, together with Rodrigo, El í as &Medrano Law firms in Peru, launched this Series of Articles on Peru Business Environment, including Peru's going global, Peru's corporate structures, Peru's promotion of investment and legal stability, operational legal environment, business winding up and restructuring a business.

中国是秘鲁的主要贸易伙伴，是秘鲁第一大出口目的地国，也是秘鲁主要进口来源国。秘鲁是中国在拉美的第二大投资目的地。两国之间既建立全面战略伙伴关系，又签署了自由贸易协定。未来五到十年，秘鲁将成为中国企业出海的另一片热土，中国会有更多企业走向秘鲁，并通过秘鲁走向更广阔的南美洲市场。锦天城积极开拓南美洲法律服务市场，向出海南美洲的中国企业提供可靠的东道国法律服务资源和做好国别法律研究等工作，为服务中国高水平对外开放和“一带一路“战略提供法律保障。为此，锦天城联合秘鲁Rodrigo, Elías & Medrano律师事务所，推出《秘鲁营商环境》系类文章，介绍秘鲁走向世界、秘鲁公司架构、秘鲁外国投资促进和法律稳定性、企业运营法律环境、停业和企业重整等内容。

The Consumer Protection and Defense Code (Act No. 29571) guarantees consumer access to suitable products and services, and to effective mechanisms to protect their rights, and establishes several criteria to reduce information asymmetry to benefit consumers. Thus, it establishes supplier obligations and consumer rights, and includes rules regarding the information that must be provided to consumers, suitability of products and services, advertising requirements, consumer health and safety, contracts with consumers, and provisions regarding specific products or services.

《消费者保护法》（第29571号法令）通过建立有效的机制保证消费者可以获得适当的产品和服务，明确对消费者权利的保护，并建立了有利于消费者的规则来减少信息的不对称。该法还明确了供应商的义务和消费者权利，包括必须向消费者提供的信息、产品和服务的适宜性、广告要求、消费者健康和安全、与消费者签订合同以及关于特定产品或服务规定等的规则。

1. GENERAL RULES 总则

In Peru, Law No. 29571 - the Consumer Protection and Defense Code- establishes the rules for the protection and defense of consumer rights. It also regulates contracts with consumers and prohibits the use of coercive commercial methods, aggressive or misleading commercial methods and abusive collection methods.

在秘鲁，《消费者保护法》（第29571号法令）建立了保护与维护消费者权利的规则。还规范了与消费者签订合同的行为，并禁止使用胁迫商业手段、侵犯性的或误导性的商业手段以及滥用收集手段。

The Consumer Protection Commission of INDECOPI is the competent national administrative authority responsible for verifying compliance with consumer protection regulations. Its decisions may be appealed before the Specialized Consumer Protection Chamber of the INDECOPI Court.

INDECOPI消费者保护委员会是监管消费者保护法规遵守情况的国家行政主管机关。针对该委员会的决定，可以向INDECOPI法院专门消费者保护法庭提起上诉。

Likewise, depending on the amount or matter in dispute, the Summary Proceedings Resolution Bodies are competent to rule on consumer protection matters in the first administrative instance. In these cases, the Consumer Protection Commission will review the decisions in second administrative instance.

如果根据争议金额或问题性质采用简易程序解决机制，可以在行政案件一审程序中对消费者保护问题作出裁决。消费者保护委员会将在行政案件二审程序中对案件的裁决进行审查。

The Consumer Protection and Defense Code protects consumers in a “consumer relationship” or in a preliminary stage thereof. It applies to: (i) any “consumption relationship” originating in Peruvian territory or producing effects in such territory (even if originating elsewhere); and, (ii) transactions not involving the payment of a consideration but having a commercial purpose aimed at promoting consumption.

《消费者保护法》对属于“消费关系”或初步建立“消费关系”的消费者提供保护。它适用于：（i）任何产生于秘鲁境内或在境内产生影响（即使其产生于其他地方）的“消费关系”；和（ii）不涉及支付对价，但具有促进消费商业目的的交易。

For the purposes of the Code, consumers are understood as: (i) natural or legal persons who acquire, use or enjoy as final recipients of products or services for their own benefit or that of their family group, acting outside a business or professional activity; and (ii) suppliers are understood as natural or legal persons who habitually manufacture, process, handle, condition, mix, package, store, prepare, dispense or supply products or provide services of any nature to consumers.

该法的消费者是指：（i）在商业或职业活动之外，为自身或家庭利益而最终获得、使用或受用产品或服务的个体或法人；和（ii）供应商是指：为消费者制造、加工、处理、调节、混合、包装、储存、准备、分发或提供产品或服务为业的个体或法人。

2. MAIN OBLIGATIONS主要义务

The Consumer Protection and Defense Code imposes two main obligations on sellers/service providers: i) information and ii) suitability, in relation to the goods or services provided.

《消费者保护法》对销售者/服务提供者规定了两项主要义务：与所提供的商品或服务相关的信息以及适宜性。

i) Information: the supplier is obliged to provide the consumer with all relevant or material information so that the consumer may make a correct choice and use or consume the goods or services in an appropriate manner.

信息：供应商有义务向消费者提供所有相关的或重要的信息，以便让消费者做出正确的选择，并以适当的方式使用或消费商品或服务。

The information provided by the supplier must be truthful, sufficient, easy to understand, appropriate, timely, easily accessible and in Spanish language.

供应商提供的信息必须真实、充分、易懂、适当、及时、容易获得，并采用西班牙语言。

Relevant or material information means any information without which the consumption decision would not have been made or would have been made in substantially different terms. This information includes, for example, the following:

相关或重要的信息是指任何信息，如无该信息则消费者不会做出消费决策或做出实质上不同的消费决策。该信息包括的内容举例如下：

a) False or misleading information: by action or omission, information that may mislead an average consumer into making a transaction decision that he or she would not have made otherwise.

虚假或误导信息：因故意或过失误导一般消费者做出其本不会作出的交易决策信息。

(b) Total price information: the price offered (or advertised) must include taxes, commissions, fees and any other applicable charges. It must be the total final price.

总价信息：报价（或广告）的价格必须包含税款、佣金、费用及其他相关收费。必须是最终价格。

c) Prices in local currency: prices displayed or advertised in a foreign currency (e.g. US dollars) will also be displayed or advertised in local currency, under the same conditions and with the same characters as those used with the foreign currency, and the exchange rate must be indicated.

当地货币价格：以外币（如美元）显示或刊登的价格，应同时用当地货币显示或刊登，条件和文字应与该外币相同，并应标明汇率。

d) Payment methods: if there is any difference in price depending on the payment method, this information must be informed to the consumer in a visible and accessible way. Otherwise, the consumer will not be obliged to make any additional payment due to a difference in payment methods.

付款方式：如果根据付款方式的不同价格存在差异，该信息必须以醒目易懂的方式告知消费者。否则，消费者没有义务因支付方式的不同而支付额外费用。

The extent of relevant or material information to be provided to the consumer will depend on the nature of the goods or services offered. The Consumer Protection and Defense Code contains various provisions establishing the information to be provided to the consumer for certain types of goods and services.

向消费者提供相关信息或重要信息的范围取决于所提供的商品或服务的性质。《消费者保护法》有多项规定涉及就某些类型的商品和服务应该向消费者提供何种信息。

ii)   Suitability: the “service supplier” has the obligation to provide the consumer with appropriate goods or services. Suitability is assessed by taking into account what the consumer expected when buying the goods or contracting the service (depending, for example, on what the seller or service provider offered, the natural and customary characteristics of the goods or services, the price) and what he or she actually got. Suitability is assessed according to the nature of the goods or services and their ability to satisfy the purpose for which they are sold.

适宜性：“服务提供者”有义务向消费者提供适当的商品或服务。适当性评估是通过考虑消费者在购买商品或签订服务合同时的期望（例如，取决于卖方或服务提供者所提供的内容、商品或服务的本质和通常特性、价格因素）以及消费者实际获得的情况来确定。适当性评估依据的是商品或服务性质及其满足销售目的的能力。

The supplier is responsible for the suitability and quality of the goods and services offered, as well as for the authenticity of the marks and labels contained on the goods or services, and for any contradictory statements between the advertising and the product.

供应商对其提供的商品和服务的适当性和质量负责，对商品或服务上的标志和标签的真实性负责，并对广告与产品之间的任何不一致的宣称负责。

The Consumer Protection and Defense Code prohibits consumer discrimination. The supplier may not discriminate against consumers because of race, sex, language, creed, opinion, economic status, or any other reason. Individual exclusion from a business establishment is prohibited, except in the case of disturbance of the security of the establishment or the serenity of the customer or any other similar reason.

《消费者保护法》禁止歧视消费者。供应商不得因种族、性别、语言、信仰、观点、经济状况或任何其他原因歧视消费者。禁止将个人排除在营业场所之外，除非是基于扰乱营业场所安全或消费者安宁或其他类似原因。

Different treatment of consumers must be due to objective and reasonable grounds. Preferential care in a business establishment should be subject to different factual situations that justify different treatment and there should be a proportion between the purpose and the different treatment granted.

对消费者的差别待遇必须要有客观和合理的理由。营业场所的优惠待遇应视不同的事实情形而定，以证明应给予不同的待遇，并且在目的和所给予不同待遇之间符合比例原则。

3. GUARANTEES 担保

The Consumer Protection and Defense Code establishes that there are three types of guarantees: legal, explicit and implicit.

《消费者保护法》规定有三种类型的担保：法定、明示和默示。

a) Legal guarantee: imposed by law and applicable to certain goods and/or services that cannot be marketed or provided without such guarantee. In this sense, it is not possible to exclude such guarantee by agreement between the parties and it prevails over an explicit guarantee. (Legal guaranties are not imposed on optical products).

法定担保：由法律规定并适用于某些商品和/或服务，没有这种担保就不能在市场上销售或提供。当事人之间不能通过协议排除这种担保，并且它优于明示担保。（光学产品没有规定法定担保）。

b) Explicit guarantee: arises from the terms and conditions expressly offered by the “seller or service provider” to the consumer in a contract, label, advertising, invoice or any other means that may evidence what has been offered to the consumer. An explicit guarantee prevails over an implied guarantee.

明示担保：产生于“卖方或服务提供者”在合同、标签、广告、发票或任何其他可以证明提供给消费者内容的方式中，向消费者明示提供的条款和条件。明示担保优于默示担保。

c) Implied guarantee: exists when, in accordance with the silence of the “seller or supplier of services” or the agreements between the parties, the goods and/or services are understood to meet the foreseeable (expected) purposes and uses for which they have been acquired by the consumer taking into account, inter alia, the uses and customs of the market. In case there are no legal guarantees, an explicit or implicit guarantee will be applied.

默示担保：存在于“卖方或服务提供者”的沉默或当事人之间的协议，考虑到市场的使用和习惯等因素，认为商品和/或服务满足了消费者购买商品和/或服务的可预见（预期）的目的和用途。如果没有法定担保，将适用明示或默示担保。

The indication of exclusions or limitations to the guarantee cannot be unjustified or go against the nature of the good or service.

对担保的排除或限制事项不能没有理由或违背商品或服务的性质。

4. BOOK OF COMPLAINTS 投诉记录

Through Law No. 31435, published on March 22, 2022, the Consumer Protection and Defense Code was amended reducing the deadlines for addressing consumer claims and complaints. Thus, currently, the supplier must address any claim or complaint from the consumer and must respond to it within fifteen (15) calendar days, which cannot be extended.

2022年3月22日公布的第31435号法律修订了《消费者权益保护法》，缩短了处理消费者索赔和投诉的期限。供应商必须处理消费者的索赔或投诉，并且要在十五（15）个日历日内（不能延期）做出回复。

The attention of the claims cannot be subject to any payment made by the consumer (nor to the effective purchase of the good or service object of the claim).

索赔不取决于消费者是否付款（也不取决于是否有效地购买了索赔涉及的商品或服务）。

All suppliers that carry out economic activities in establishments open to the public are required to have a Complaints Book.

所有在公众商业场所开展经济活动的供应商都需要建立投诉记录。

The complaints book is a document of a physical or virtual nature provided by suppliers in which consumers register their claims or complaints about the products or services offered in a particular commercial establishment.

投诉记录是由供应商提供的物理或虚拟文件，消费者在投诉记录中登记其对特定商业场所中提供的产品或服务的索赔或投诉。

A claim is filed when the consumer expresses a disagreement related to the goods or services provided. On the other hand, a complaint is filed when the consumer expresses a disagreement that is not related to the goods sold or supplied or the services provided.

消费者的不满意是与所提供的商品或服务相关时，可以提出索赔。另一方面，当消费者的不满意与所销售或提供的商品或服务不相关的，可以提出投诉。

Each of the commercial establishments (physical or virtual) open to the public must have a Book, which must be in a visible place on the premises and easily accessible to the public and with a Notice indicating its existence. The Book must follow the format approved by Indecopi, which is included as ANNEX 2 of Supreme Decree No. 011-2011-PCM.

向公众开放的商业场所（无论是实体的还是虚拟的）都必须设置投诉记录，该投诉记录必须放置在场所的醒目位置，便于公众查阅，并附有一份设置通知。投诉簿必须采用 Indecopi批准的格式，该格式作为附件2规定在最高法令第011-2011- PCM号文件中。

5. SANCTIONS FOR NON-COMPLIANCE 对不遵守规定的制裁

According to the Consumer Protection and Defense Code, failure to comply with its provisions could be sanctioned with the following:

根据《消费者权益保护法》，不遵守规定将受到以下制裁：

i) Pecuniary sanctions: from a warning (without a monetary fine) to a fine of up to 450 UIT (US$520,000.00 approximately) depending on the infraction.

经济制裁：根据违规情况，从警告（非罚款）到最高达450 UIT（约520,000.00美元）的罚款。

ii)   Precautionary measures: these measures may be ordered at any stage of the proceedings. These are, for example, the cessation of the infringing action, the closure of an establishment, the prohibition of a website, the immobilization of assets, etc.

 预防措施：法院可以在审理的任何阶段命令采取停止侵权行为，停止营业，关闭网站，冻结资产等措施。

(iii) Corrective remedial measures: these measures are intended to compensate for any monetary damages.

 纠正措施：为了补偿经济损失的措施。

iv) Paid or a measure is not complied with, additional sanctions may be ordered.

如果一项措施未得到执行或未得到遵守，法院将发布命令实施额外制裁。

I. UNFAIR COMPETITION AND ADVERTISING 不正当竞争和广告

Legislative Decree No. 1044, Law for the Repression of Unfair Competition, regulates acts of unfair competition, which include acts that are configured through advertising.

《制止不正当竞争法》第1044号法令对不正当竞争行为进行规制，其中包括通过广告进行不正当竞争的行为。

The referred rule applies to those acts whose effects or purpose, directly or indirectly, is to compete in the market. It also applies to any act of unfair competition that produces or may produce effects in all or part of the national territory, even if such act has originated abroad.

上述规则适用于效果或目的是为了直接或间接地在市场上进行竞争的行为。该法还适用于在全部或部分国家领土内产生或可能产生影响的任何不正当竞争行为，即使该行为起源于国外。

The Commission for the Control of Unfair Competition of INDECOPI is the national administrative entity responsible for the verification of compliance with the rules governing acts of unfair competition and advertising activity. Its decisions may be appealed before the Antitrust Chamber, which resolves in the second and final administrative instance.

INDECOPI反不正当竞争委员会是国家的行政实体，负责检查关于不正当竞争行为和广告活动的规则遵守情况。委员会的决定可以向反垄断委员会提起上诉，反垄断委员会将在行政二审中作出最终裁决。

The Law for Repression of Unfair Competition is applicable to any person, natural or juridical, that competes in the market offering or demanding goods or services.

《制止不正当竞争法》适用于任何在供应和需求商品或服务市场中进行竞争的个体或法人。

It should be noted that advertising does not require prior authorization or supervision by the authority for its dissemination. The supervision of compliance with the rules regulating advertising will be carried out once the advertisement has been disseminated in the market.

值得注意的是，广告的发布不需要事先授权或由主管部门监督。对于在市场上发布的广告，其广告遵守的情况会被监督。

The evaluation by the authority of an advertisement is made in a comprehensive manner, that is to say, on the whole content of the advertisement, including words, images, sounds, among others, considering that the addressee of the advertisement makes a comprehensive and superficial analysis of the advertisement. In the case of an advertising campaign, all the pieces that compose it will be analyzed as a whole.

考虑到广告的受众会对广告进行全面而表层的分析，权威机构对广告的评价应当全面，也就是说，要对广告的全部内容（包括文字、图像、声音等）进行评价。在广告宣传的时候，所有广告的组成部分将被作为一个整体进行分析。

The responsibility for proving the truthfulness and accuracy of the objective statements disseminated in the market with respect to certain goods or services lies with the person who has disseminated such statements in its capacity as advertiser.

发布广告的广告主有责任证明在市场上发布的商品或服务的陈述，是客观、真实和准确的。

The Law for the Repression of Unfair Competition includes an enunciative (not exhaustive) list of acts that are considered as acts of unfair competition.

《制止不正当竞争法》列举了几类不正当竞争的行为。

The administrative liability arising from the commission of acts of unfair competition through advertising corresponds, in all cases, to the advertiser. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the media shall also be administratively liable for the commission of acts of unfair competition that infringe broadcasting rules that regulate, condition or prohibit the communication of certain contents or the advertising of certain types of products. This liability is independent of the liability of the advertiser. Additionally, the advertising agency will also be administratively liable when the commission of acts of unfair competition is generated by an advertising content different from the characteristics of the advertised good or service. This liability is also independent from that of the advertiser.

通过广告实施不正当竞争行为所产生的行政责任，在所有情况下都应由广告主承担。尽管如此，如果媒体实施了不正当竞争行为，例如违反了管理、限制或禁止传播某种内容或播放某种产品广告的播放规则，媒体也应承担行政责任。这种责任独立于广告主的责任。此外，如果实施不正当竞争行为是由于广告内容与商品或服务特性不一致所产生的，广告机构也应承担行政责任。这种责任也独立于广告主的责任。

In accordance with the provisions of the Law for the Repression of Unfair Competition, the contravention of any of the provisions set forth therein may be sanctioned according to the following detail:

根据《制止不正当竞争法》的规定，违反该法任何条款可按以下细则予以处罚：

(i)   Financial sanctions: from a reprimand to a fine, depending on the type of infringement: (a) minor infringement that did not have any real effect on the market: a reprimand; (b) minor infringement: up to 50 UIT (US$ 65,500 approximately); (c) serious infringement: up to 250 UIT (US$ 327,500 approximately); and, (d) very serious infringement: up to 700 UIT (US$ 920,000 approximately).

经济制裁：从申诫到罚款，取决于侵权的类型：（a）对市场没有任何实际影响的轻微侵权：申诫；（b）轻微侵权：不超过50 UIT（约合65,500美元）;（c）严重侵权：不超过250 UIT（约合327,500美元）；和（d）非常严重侵权：不超过700 UIT（约合920,000美元）。

For purposes of determining the seriousness of the infraction and the application of the corresponding fines, the Commission shall take into account the following criteria:

为确定违法的严重性和适用相应的罚款，委员会将考虑以下标准：

a) The illicit benefit resulting from the commission of the infraction; 违法行为所产生的非法利益；

b) The probability of detection of the infringement; 发现侵权的可能性；

c) The modality and scope of the act of unfair competition; 不正当竞争行为的形式和范围；

d) The size of the market concerned; 相关市场的大小；

e) The market share of the infringer; 侵权人的市场份额；

f) The effect of the act of unfair competition on actual or potential competitors, on other agents participating in the competitive process and on consumers or users; 不正当竞争行为对实际或潜在竞争者、参与竞争过程的其他经营者、消费者或用户的影响；

g) The duration in time of the act of unfair competition; and, 不正当竞争行为持续的时间；和

h) The recidivism or reiteration in the commission of an act of unfair competition.再次或重复实施不正当竞争行为。

(ii) Precautionary measures: measures intended to ensure the effectiveness of the final decision and prevent further damage to the concerned party. Among these measures are: the cessation of the infringing act, the confiscation and/or immobilization of the infringing products, the temporary closure of the establishment, among others.

预防措施：为确保最终裁决的有效性和防止对当事人造成进一步损害而采取的措施。这些措施包括：停止侵权行为、没收和/或销毁侵权产品、暂时停业以及其他措施。

(iii) Corrective measures: are those measures whose purpose is to reestablish fair competition in the market. These measures include the cessation of the infringing act, the removal of the effects produced by the infringing act, the confiscation and/or destruction of the infringing products, the temporary closing of the establishment, the rectification of misleading information, the publication of the conviction, among others.

纠正措施：为重建公平竞争的市场环境而采取的措施。这些措施包括：停止侵权行为、消除侵权行为的影响、没收和/或销毁侵权产品、暂时停业、更正误导信息、公布违法结果，以及其他措施。

(iv) Fines for non-compliance: if the fine imposed or any of the ordered precautionary or corrective measures are not paid, additional sanctions may be imposed.

对违法行为的罚款：如已处罚款或被责令采取预防或纠正措施而不履行，可采取额外处罚措施。